Experiencing persistent fatigue, weakness, or shortness of breath? You might be tempted to dismiss these symptoms as the result of stress, poor sleep, or a hectic lifestyle. However, they could be signaling something more serious—anemia. While many associate anemia with iron deficiency, the condition can have various underlying causes, some of which require immediate medical attention.
In this article, we explore the different types of anemia, their potential causes, symptoms, and when to seek medical intervention.
What is Anemia?
Anemia is a medical condition characterized by a reduced haemoglobin level in the blood, which leads to decreased oxygen supply to tissues and organs. Haemoglobin is a protein in red blood cells responsible for transporting oxygen.
The World Health Organization (WHO) defines anemia as:
- Haemoglobin levels lower than 12 g/dL in women
- Haemoglobin levels lower than 13 g/dL in men
Anemia is not just a standalone condition—it is often a symptom of an underlying disease. According to studies, about 17-20% of older adults in developed countries are affected by anemia.
Signs and Symptoms of Anemia
Mild anemia often goes unnoticed, but as it progresses, the following symptoms may appear:
- Persistent fatigue and weakness
- Shortness of breath (especially during physical activity)
- Pale skin or yellowish tint
- Dizziness or lightheadedness
- Cold hands and feet
- Chest pain or irregular heartbeat
- Headaches
- Brittle nails and hair loss
If left untreated, severe anemia can worsen existing conditions such as heart disease, kidney problems, and respiratory disorders.
Iron Deficiency Anemia: The Most Common Type
Iron deficiency is the most prevalent cause of anemia worldwide. It occurs when the body doesn’t have enough iron to produce sufficient haemoglobin.
Common Causes of Iron Deficiency Anemia:
- Blood Loss:
- Heavy menstrual bleeding
- Chronic bleeding from ulcers, gastritis, or hemorrhoids
- Internal bleeding due to stomach ulcers or gastrointestinal disorders
- Poor Diet:
- Lack of iron-rich foods like red meat, green leafy vegetables, and legumes
- Malabsorption:
- Conditions like celiac disease or Crohn’s disease can interfere with iron absorption
- Increased Demand for Iron:
- Pregnancy and rapid growth phases (e.g., during adolescence)
Diagnosis and Treatment:
A Complete Blood Count (CBC) is the first step in diagnosing anemia. If iron deficiency is confirmed, doctors may recommend:
- Iron supplements
- Dietary modifications (including iron-rich foods and vitamin C for better absorption)
- Investigations like endoscopy or colonoscopy to rule out internal bleeding
Anemia Beyond Iron Deficiency: Other Hidden Causes
While iron deficiency is the most recognized cause of anemia, other medical conditions can also lead to low haemoglobin levels.
1. Anemia of Chronic Disease (ACD)
Also known as inflammation-related anemia, ACD is commonly associated with long-term illnesses such as:
- Chronic kidney disease (CKD)
- Diabetes
- Heart failure
- Chronic liver disease
- Rheumatoid arthritis and other autoimmune disorders
In these cases, the body’s ability to use stored iron is impaired due to chronic inflammation. Treating the underlying disease is the key to managing ACD.
2. Vitamin Deficiency Anemia (Pernicious Anemia)
A deficiency in vitamin B12 or folic acid can lead to megaloblastic anemia, where red blood cells become abnormally large and ineffective.
Causes:
- Poor diet (low in B12-rich foods like eggs, dairy, and meat)
- Malabsorption due to conditions like celiac disease or gastric bypass surgery
- Pernicious anemia, an autoimmune disorder affecting vitamin B12 absorption
Symptoms:
- Memory problems and difficulty concentrating
- Tingling in hands and feet (neuropathy)
- Glossitis (inflamed tongue)
3. Hemolytic Anemia
This occurs when the body destroys red blood cells faster than they are produced. It can be caused by:
- Autoimmune disorders
- Genetic conditions like sickle cell disease or thalassemia
- Infections or certain medications
4. Aplastic Anemia and Bone Marrow Disorders
A rare but serious condition where the bone marrow fails to produce enough blood cells. It may result from:
- Exposure to radiation or toxic chemicals
- Viral infections
- Autoimmune diseases
Some cases may progress to myelodysplastic syndrome or even leukemia, requiring urgent medical intervention.
When to Seek Medical Help?
If you experience any of the following, consult a haematologist or physician immediately:
- Persistent fatigue and weakness that doesn’t improve with rest
- Shortness of breath even during light activities
- Pale or yellowish skin
- Unexplained bruising or prolonged bleeding
- Tingling or numbness in extremities
If iron or vitamin supplementation does not improve symptoms within 1-2 months, further investigations like ultrasound, endoscopy, and bone marrow tests may be required.
Managing and Preventing Anemia
1. Dietary Changes:
Incorporate iron-rich foods such as:
- Red meat, poultry, and fish
- Leafy greens (spinach, kale, and broccoli)
- Legumes, nuts, and seeds
- Fortified cereals and dairy
For better absorption, pair iron-rich foods with vitamin C sources like citrus fruits and tomatoes.
2. Lifestyle Modifications:
- Avoid excessive caffeine and tea, which can inhibit iron absorption
- Stay hydrated and exercise regularly to improve blood circulation
- Manage underlying health conditions like diabetes and kidney disease
3. Regular Health Check-ups:
Routine blood tests (CBC, iron studies, and vitamin levels) help detect anemia early. Pregnant women, older adults, and individuals with chronic illnesses should be screened regularly.
Conclusion
Anemia is often dismissed as a minor issue, but its implications can be severe. While iron deficiency anemia is the most common type, many hidden conditions—ranging from chronic diseases to bone marrow disorders—can also cause low haemoglobin levels.
Early diagnosis and targeted treatment are crucial. If you’re constantly tired, weak, or experiencing unexplained symptoms, don’t ignore the warning signs—your blood might be telling a bigger story!
